The Achilles tendon is the common calcaneal tendon and is most commonly injured by laceration in both dogs and cats.

There have been numerous developments in the field of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease.

Joint diseases can be classified into inflammatory or non-inflammatory.

The term laser stands for light amplification stimulated by emission of radiation.

Average healing times for small animal fractures are dependent upon the age of the animal and the type of fracture as well as the method of fixation used to stabilize the fracture.

Elbow dysplasia is a group of diseases made up of several conditions including ununited anconeal process, osteochondritis dissecans humerus, fragmented coronoid process, and incomplete humeral ossification.

Chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal and neurologic systems are often classified as injuries in which the onset of clinical signs began greater than 2 weeks ago, have recurred more than once, or cannot be corrected surgically due to concurrent illness in the patient.

Osteoarthritis affects diarthrodial joints of small animals including the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, tarsus, and spinal articulations.

The most common indication for total joint replacement in the small animal is osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease that is a cause of significant and frequent pain.