Immunoglobulins cannot traverse the placenta in cattle, so calves are born without any innate immune protection.

Approximately 20 years ago, studies centered on the ability of bull sperm to fertilize eggs in vitro.

Four specific proteins have been identified in bovine semen related to fertility.

Development of fertility diagnostics and therapeutics offers enhanced productivity and economic opportunity for the cattle industry through increased reproductive efficiency.

Fertility-associated antigen (FAA) is a non-glycosylated protein produced in all of the accessory sex glands of bulls; seminal vesicles, prostate and Cowper's glands.

Supplying fat in dairy cattle rations has become a common practice on commercial dairies, as it is an effective way to supply energy to the cow.