15. Morrison WB. Paraneoplastic syndromes and the tumors that cause them. In: Morrison WB. Cancer in dogs and cats: medical and surgical management. 2nd ed. Jackson, Wyo: Teton NewMedia, 2002;731-735.
16. Schenck PA, Chew DJ. Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs.
Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1330-1336.
17. Kowalewski K, Kolodej A. Effects of calcium infusion on secretion and motor activity of totally isolated canine stomach perfused
with homologous blood. Pharmacology 1976;14:537-549.
18. Sakals S, Peta HG, Fernandez NJ, et al. Determining the cause of hypercalcemia in a dog. Can Vet J 2006;47:819-821.
19. Uehlinger P, Glaus T, Hauser B, et al. Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia—a retrospective study of 46 dogs [German].
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1998;140:188-197.
A. A 10-year-old intact female American bulldog presenting with pronounced peripheral lymphadenopathy, eventually diagnosed
as diffuse large T-cell lymphoma on histologic examination. Markedly enlarged superficial cervical (prescapular) and mandibular
lymph nodes are easily visible.
B & C. Lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs of a 6-year-old spayed female boxer presenting with dyspnea, polyuria, and
polydipsia. Severe hypercalcemia (20.4 mg/dl) and azotemia were noted on the serum chemistry profile. Note the pleural effusion
and a large soft tissue opacity in the cranial mediastinum displacing the lungs caudodorsally.
D & E. Lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs of the same dog five weeks after a standard combination chemotherapy protocol
was initiated. Dyspnea and hypercalcemia rapidly resolved after supportive therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy were initiated.
F & G. Cytologic preparations of fine-needle aspirates from cranial mediastinal masses in two different dogs. Figure F shows a monomorphic population of intermediate to large lymphocytes, with large nuclei, prominent nucleoli (arrowheads), and an open chromatin pattern, consistent with lymphoma (Wright's-Giemsa, 1,000x). Figure G shows a mixed population of small and intermediate lymphocytes, with occasional mast cells (arrowheads), suggestive of thymoma despite the absence of epithelial cells on this sample (Wright's-Giemsa, 400x). (Photomicrographs courtesy of Dr. Laura D. Garrett.)
|
Featuring Information from:
