QUESTION 1
When presented with a case of inappropriate urination, be sure to ask the owners specific questions that will help guide your rule-out list and focus your diagnostic test selections. Define the clinical signs along with some possible differentials.

1. Stranguria
2. Pollakiuria
3. Hematuria
4. Polyuria

A. Frequent, large-volume urination—pyelonephritis; drug effect; metabolic or endocrine disease
B. Frequent, small-volume urination—lower urinary tract infection/inflammation
C. Straining to urinate—obstruction in the bladder (trigone) or urethra
D. Blood in the urine—bladder calculi or crystalluria; thrombocytopenia; upper or lower urinary tract inflammation

a) 1 = B, 2 = A, 3 = C, 4 = D

b) 1 = C, 2 = B, 3 = D, 4 = A

c) 1 = C, 2 = D, 3 = A, 4 = B

d) 1 = D, 2 = B, 3 = C, 4 = A

e) 1 = A, 2 = B, 3 = D, 4 = C

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