While there is some evidence of Mycoplasma species infection associated with vaginitis and pregnancy loss in bitches and poor semen quality in male dogs, studies have demonstrated that Mycoplasma species are as likely to be cultured in samples from healthy animals as they are to be cultured in samples from animals with reproductive tract disease.

Veterinarians cannot identify an ovulation date or a bitch's fertility from vaginal cytology.

Vaginitis, by its simplest definition, is inflammation of the vagina. But vaginitis is not a simple condition.

It is contraindicated. Here's why.

Pediatric dogs and cats dehydrate quickly with inappetence or illness, and assessing the hydration status of these animals is difficult.

Vulvar discharge can be a diagnostic challenge because the inciting problem may arise from the urinary tract, uterus or uterine stump, or vagina.

Little research has been done demonstrating the pharmacokinetics of drugs commonly administered to puppies and kittens or defining the safe and effective doses of these drugs. When considering giving a particular drug, you must think about pediatric physiology and the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of the chosen drug.

Serologic testing for pregnancy in bitches is complicated because of female dogs' normal endocrine physiology.

Oxytocin is a pituitary hormone that causes strong, coordinated contractions of the estrogen-primed uterus during parturition. It may be used therapeutically to relieve nonobstructive dystocia in bitches.