There are four stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system.

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging disease worldwide.

Proteinuria can be pre-glomerular, glomerular, or post-glomerular in origin. Pathologic proteinuria is a persistent problem from glomerular damage, whereas functional proteinuria is generally transient.

Treatment of acute kidney injury involves therapy for azotemia, extra renal manifestations, supportive care, and in some cases, therapy specific for the underlying disease process. Frequent monitoring of the patient is also necessary for a good outcome.

Kidney disease is classically compartmentalized into acute and chronic disease, which is a convenient way to view what are very frequently markedly different manifestations of kidney disease.

Ethylene glycol (EG) is the primary component of antifreeze (95% EG), but is also found in paints, lacquers, pharmaceuticals, polishes and cosmetics.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease in older animals.

Anemia is a common abnormality noted in patients with CKD, affecting 32 to 65 per cent of cats with CKD.

Proteinuria can be pre-glomerular, glomerular, or post-glomerular in origin.