Preoperative epidural injection of local anesthetics and opioids provides excellent preemptive, multimodal intraoperative analgesia; reduces the concentration of volatile anesthetic required to maintain surgical anesthesia; and provides analgesia extending into the recovery period.

This article discusses techniques associated with oral surgery.

These anesthetic methods, including one recently recommended alternative block, will help you control pain in animals undergoing stifle surgeries, forelimb surgeries, limb amputations, or thoracotomies, as well as in patients with thoracic trauma or cranial abdominal pain.

Traditionally, peripheral nerve blockade has been achieved by identifying anatomical landmarks and speculatively depositing local anesthetic agents.

Add these 5 techniques to your clinical toolbox to help lessen your patients' pain.

Use sterile scissors to remove the tip of a red rubber catheter proximal to the large hole at the distal end, cutting the catheter to the desired length.