In general, ferrets are hardy and make excellent surgical candidates. A complete physical examination and appropriate pre-operative laboratory tests are essential parts of successful surgery.

A simple ventral midline celiotomy provides limited exposure to most abdominal organs in birds. The liver, pancreas and intestines are accessible through this approach.

The respiratory system of birds is significantly different, both physiologically and anatomically, from that of mammals.

One of the main reasons for neutering exotic pet mammals is to control reproduction. Medical and behavioral indications are also important factors to consider in making a decision to have a pet neutered.

In order for AI-PMMA beads to produce a positive outcome, many factors must be taken into consideration.

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is particularly a problem in ferrets less than one year of age. Young ferrets enjoy chewing on and ingesting soft rubber such as latex or foam rubber, cork, and occasionally cloth material.

Rabbits have 6 incisors (4 upper and 2 lower). The 2 first incisors are large and oppose the lower incisors.

A simple ventral midline celiotomy provides limited exposure to most abdominal organs in birds.

Rabbits and rodents are popular pets in urban society because they require little space, are relatively easy to care for, and are a species with which the client can develop a bond.