These notes are provided as an outline and brief review of pet fish medicine with emphasis on the clinical work up and standards of care.

There are about 3100 species of snakes throughout the world. Only the Arctic regions, Antarctica, Iceland and Ireland, along with a few other very small oceanic islands lack the presence of snakes.

Invertebrate animals comprise 95% of the animal kingdom's species, yet non-parasitic invertebrates are vastly underrepresented in the typical veterinary school curriculum. These notes and the accompanying lecture provide a brief introduction to some of the more prominent invertebrate groups (coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, insects, the horseshoe crab, and spiders) and review the state of the science with regards to clinical techniques.